Shotcraft
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Two subjects, deliberately kept apart

On one side, what people on a production actually decide. On the other, how generative models actually work. They are related, and conflating them is how both get misunderstood.

Track one — the crafts

53 roles, by department

Written to answer what the person decides, what they are paid to notice, and what generative tools do and do not change about the job.

Animation 9

  • Animator Character animator, CG animator

    Performs a character shot by shot, deciding what it thinks and how its weight moves.

  • FX TD Effects technical director, FX artist

    Simulates water, fire, smoke, cloth, hair and destruction, and delivers the caches to lighting.

  • Layout artist Layout TD, Rough layout artist

    Sets the virtual camera and stages the characters in the built set, turning boards into shots.

  • Lighting TD Lighting artist, Lighter

    Lights CG shots and sequences, building the light rigs and holding continuity across a cut.

  • Look development artist Lookdev artist, Look dev

    Decides how a surface behaves in light, and builds the shading networks and texture sets that do it.

  • Modeler Modeller, CG modeller

    Builds the geometry for characters, props and sets from design art, ready to rig and texture.

  • Previs artist Previsualisation artist, Previz artist

    Builds rough 3D versions of unshot scenes so a crew can plan the shoot and the effects.

  • Rigger Rigging artist, Rigging TD

    Builds the control system and deformation that lets an animator pose a static model.

  • Story artist Storyboard artist, Story board artist

    Draws the film in sequence panels before any of it is built, then pitches it to the director.

Visual Effects 7

  • CG Generalist 3D Generalist, Generalist TD

    Takes a shot from model to render single-handed, covering every 3D step in between.

  • Compositor Compositing artist, Comp artist

    Combines plates, CG renders and paintings into one image that reads as photographed.

  • Matte Painter Digital matte painter (DMP), Matte artist (the IATSE Local 800 / Art Directors Guild classification)

    Paints and builds the parts of a location that were never there, so they read as photographed.

  • Motion Graphics Designer Motion Designer, Broadcast Designer

    Designs and animates type, graphics and screen content so information moves legibly.

  • Roto / Paint Artist Roto Artist, Paint Artist

    Draws the mattes and removes the things that should not be in the plate.

  • VFX Producer Visual Effects Producer, VFX Line Producer

    Bids, schedules and tracks visual effects work, and controls what each change costs.

  • VFX Supervisor Visual effects supervisor, Production VFX supervisor (client side, works for the production)

    Decides how each effects shot will be achieved and makes sure the plate shot on set can support it.

Camera 6

  • Camera Operator Operator, A-camera operator

    Frames and moves the camera during takes, holding composition while the action changes.

  • Cinematographer Director of photography, DP

    Heads camera and lighting, and owns exposure, lens, light direction and contrast.

  • Digital Imaging Technician DIT, data wrangler

    Protects the footage and manages the on-set colour pipeline between camera and post.

  • First Assistant Camera Focus puller, 1st AC

    Builds, tests and maintains the camera, and keeps the intended subject in focus.

  • Second Assistant Camera 2nd AC, clapper loader

    Slates every take, keeps camera paperwork and marks the actors.

  • Steadicam and Gimbal Operator Steadicam operator, gimbal operator

    Carries the camera and delivers moving shots that no dolly or track could reach.

Art 4

  • Art Director Art director (film and TV), Set art director

    Turns the production designer's concept into drawn, costed, buildable sets.

  • Production Designer PD, Designer

    Designs the physical world of the film: sets, locations, palette, texture and detail.

  • Property Master props master, prop master

    Owns every object an actor handles, in every state it has to appear in.

  • Set Decorator set dec, decorator

    Chooses and places everything inside a set: furniture, drapes, art, clutter and the lamps that light it.

Post Sound 4

  • Dialogue Editor Dialogue Supervisor, ADR Editor

    Makes every line clear, consistent and continuous across cuts made from different takes.

  • Foley Artist Footsteps Artist, Foley Walker

    Performs every human-contact sound to picture, in sync, with props on a stage.

  • Re-recording Mixer Dubbing mixer (standard UK credit), Re-recording mixer (standard US credit)

    Balances dialogue, music and effects into the final mix and the stems every deliverable is cut from.

  • Sound Designer Supervising sound editor (the credit that usually carries the same authority), Sound effects editor (SFX editor)

    Decides what a film sounds like and builds the effects, atmospheres and textures that carry it.

Editorial 3

  • Assistant Editor First assistant editor (1st AE), Assistant picture editor

    Runs the cutting room's media, sync, paperwork and turnovers so the editor can spend the day cutting.

  • Editor Picture editor (common UK credit, and the term used to distinguish from sound editors), Film editor

    Chooses and orders the shots, and sets the rhythm at which an audience receives the story.

  • Online / Conform Editor Online Editor, Conform Artist

    Rebuilds the approved cut at full resolution from originals and builds the deliverables.

Grip 3

  • Dolly Grip dolly grip, crane grip

    Moves the camera: pushes the dolly, runs the crane and executes the move with the operator.

  • Key Grip Grip (UK head of department), Chief grip

    Heads the grip department: supports and moves the camera, and in the US system shapes light.

  • Rigging Grip rigging grip, rigging crew grip

    Builds the overhead and structural rigging days before the shooting crew arrives.

Lighting 3

  • Best Boy Electric assistant chief lighting technician, ACLT

    Runs the electrical department's crew, kit and paperwork so the gaffer can stay on the floor.

  • Gaffer Chief lighting technician, Chief electrician

    Heads the lighting department and builds the light the cinematographer asks for.

  • Lighting Technician spark, electric

    Rigs, powers, positions and adjusts the lights the gaffer calls for.

Technical 3

  • Pipeline engineer Pipeline TD, Pipeline technical director

    Builds the systems that move assets and shots between departments and keep versions coherent.

  • Render wrangler Render TD, Farm wrangler

    Keeps the render queue moving: priorities, failed frames, memory limits and delivery deadlines.

  • Technical director (TD) TD, Animation TD

    Hybrid artist-engineer who builds tools and solves technical problems for one department's artists.

Direction 2

  • Director Filmmaker, Feature director

    Decides what each scene is about and how it is staged, performed and finally cut.

  • First Assistant Director 1st AD, first AD

    Runs the set and the schedule so the director's plan fits in the day.

Music 2

  • Composer Film composer, Screen composer

    Writes the score, deciding where music enters, what it says, and when the film is better silent.

  • Music Supervisor Music Supervisor, Music Consultant

    Finds, chooses and clears every piece of pre-existing music the film uses.

Production Sound 2

  • Boom Operator Boom operator (standard US and long-standing UK credit), First assistant sound (current UK term for the same role)

    Places and moves the microphones on set, keeping them out of frame and out of the light.

  • Production Sound Mixer Sound mixer (standard UK credit), Production sound mixer (standard US credit)

    Heads the on-set sound department and records the dialogue the finished soundtrack is built from.

Color 1

  • Colorist Colourist (UK spelling and standard UK credit), Colorist (US spelling and standard US credit)

    Sets the final image: density, contrast, colour and where the eye goes, shot by shot and across the film.

Costume 1

  • Costume Designer Wardrobe designer, Costume designer

    Designs what every character wears, and what those clothes say before anyone speaks.

Hair and Makeup 1

  • Hair and Make-up Designer HMU designer, Make-up designer

    Designs and maintains every character's hair, make-up and prosthetics across the shoot.

Locations 1

  • Location Manager Locations manager, LM

    Finds, secures and runs the real places a production shoots in.

Script 1

  • Script Supervisor Continuity supervisor, Continuity

    Keeps the record of what was shot, how it matches, and whether the scene will cut.

Track two — how generation works

18 concepts

Mechanism, not marketing. Each page also lists what people commonly believe about it that is not true.

Camera control: a move without a camera

Why a generated dolly move is a painted impression, not a camera travelling through a space.

4 terms

Character and set consistency: the weakest link

Holding the same face, wardrobe and set across separate generations, and why that is bought rather than given.

5 terms

Conditioning and control: everything you hand the model besides noise

Everything you feed a model besides noise, and how much of the frame each input actually governs.

5 terms

Diffusion models: generation by denoising

A network trained to spot noise, run repeatedly, turns static into a picture.

5 terms

Latent space: working at proxy scale

The compressed representation where denoising actually happens, instead of pixels.

5 terms

LoRAs and fine-tuning: teaching a model your subject

Small trained adapters that teach a large model one character, one style or one look without rebuilding it.

5 terms

Open weights versus closed API: renting or owning the model

Whether you can hold the model on disk decides what your pipeline is able to promise.

5 terms

Sampling and guidance: the two dials that shape a generation

How many stops the model makes on the way, and how hard it steers toward the prompt.

5 terms

Seeds and reproducibility: re-running a generation

What a seed pins down, what it does not, and how to keep a usable revision trail.

5 terms

Temporal consistency: flicker, drift and morphing

Generated clips wander because nothing in the model keeps a continuity book.

5 terms

Text encoders and conditioning: how a prompt steers the picture

Words become vectors, and every patch of the frame decides how much to use them.

5 terms

The VAE: a learned codec between pixels and latents

The encoder and decoder that translate pixels into latents and back again.

5 terms

The economics of generated video: why iteration is a budget line

Why a second of video costs so much more than an image, and why iteration is a budget line.

5 terms

The time axis: spacetime patches and the cost of duration

Video models tokenize space and time together, so sequence length grows fast.

5 terms

Training data and copyright: what is not settled

Where the training material came from, and why the law has not settled what that means.

5 terms

Transformers and DiT: why the backbone changed

Attention over patches replaced the U-Net because it scales predictably with compute.

5 terms

Upscaling and interpolation: finishing at size

Generating small and finishing large, and what invented pixels and invented frames cost you.

5 terms

Why models fail: hands, text, physics and permanence

The failure modes that recur across every current video model, and the benchmarks built to measure them.

5 terms

Or start from the glossary

Track three — what the research says

How people really use AI

Eighteen peer-reviewed studies on what people actually type, where they give up, and what makes them trust a result. Every DOI was resolved against Crossref and OpenAlex before publication, and the four things that did not survive checking are on the page rather than quietly corrected.

Read the research

Routes through both

6 learning paths

How an animated feature is actually built

Artists and engineers who want to understand a CG pipeline end to end rather than one seat in it.

10 steps

Direct first, generate second

Someone who can tell a story and wants to use generative tools without handing over authorship of the film.

9 steps

Finish like a professional

Anyone whose material, shot or generated, has to survive delivery to a client or a platform.

8 steps

Learn the set

People who have never worked on a crew and keep hearing job titles they cannot place.

9 steps

Producing with generated material

Producers and post supervisors who have to schedule, budget, clear and deliver work that includes generated shots.

8 steps

Understand the machine

A smart non-engineer who wants the whole mechanism, in order, without equations.

13 steps